Training Program on Operation of Primary Equipment in Substations, Relay Protection, Analysis of Typical Fault Waveforms, and Accident Handling Skills
Training Program on Operation of Primary Equipment in Substations, Relay Protection, Analysis of Typical Fault Waveforms, and Accident Handling Skills
To all relevant enterprises:
With the continued advancement of new power system construction, the variety of equipment in grids, thermal/hydro/nuclear plants, renewable energy stations, and large-user substations is increasing. Equipment operating conditions are becoming more complex, leading to frequent anomalies and failures. Core competencies for substation operation personnel now include primary equipment maintenance and control, relay protection configuration and setting, fault recording analysis, and on-site accident response. To help technical staff systematically master primary equipment operation principles, relay protection configuration and operation, and fault waveform analysis methods—while enhancing their practical abilities in fault identification, diagnosis, and accident handling—we are organizing this skills training program. Relevant matters are notified as follows:
1. Time and Location
Date: 11/27–30
Location: Wuhan Wuchang Marriott Hotel (No. 225, Xiongchu Avenue, Hongshan District, Wuhan)
II. Target Audience
1. Technical and managerial personnel from power grid companies at all levels involved in substation operation and maintenance, substation repair, relay protection, dispatch monitoring, automation, safety supervision, and equipment management.
2. Electrical operations, maintenance, relay protection, shift supervisors, and related technical and duty management personnel in hydropower and thermal power plants.
3. Personnel for operation and maintenance, inspection, protection, and fault analysis of new energy power stations (wind, solar, energy storage), including substation technicians.
4. Large industrial and mining enterprises, industrial parks, data center main substations, and power plants.Incremental distribution networkElectrical Operations Supervisor, Duty Personnel, and Equipment Management Staff;
5. Electrical technical experts from power design, equipment testing and commissioning, supervision, and outsourced O&M units.
III. Training Content
Part 1: Fundamentals of Power Systems, Principles, Operations, and Fault Diagnosis of Primary Substation Equipment
(I) Essential Knowledge for Power Generation, Transformation, Distribution, Consumption, and New Energy
1. Overall power system architecture: key points across generation, transformation, distribution, and consumption.
2. Grid integration characteristics of wind and photovoltaic new energy collection systems; differences in operation between new energy sources and traditional power grids.
3. Operating characteristics of various neutral grounding methods
4. Fundamentals of Power System Fault Types: Single-Line-to-Ground, Line-to-Line, Double-Line-to-Ground, Three-Phase Short Circuit, and Unbalanced Operation
(II) Principles, Structure, O&M, and Fault Handling of Main Primary Substation Equipment
1. Transformers (autotransformers, dry-type, traction, box-type, etc.) and line shunt reactors: functions, types, operating principles, internal structure, auxiliary equipment, and operational characteristics; maintenance essentials, anomaly detection, fault diagnosis, and on-site handling.
2. Switchgear and Isolators: Post-TypeSF₆ Circuit BreakerGIS, HGIS, PASS, tank-type switchgear, vacuum circuit breakers; hydraulic spring-operated mechanisms; isolator structures, O&M key points, mechanism defects, and fault handling.
3. Instrument Transformers, Arc Suppression Coils, and Busbars: Principles of current transformers (CTs) and electromagnetic/capacitive voltage transformers (CVTs); CT saturation analysis; CVT anomaly diagnosis; operational risks and defect handling for arc suppression coils and busbars.
4. Reactive Power Compensation and Energy Storage: Principles for reactive power compensation configuration, switching of compensation devices (SVC, SVG); primary circuit of energy storage systems and grid-connected operation characteristics.
5. Overvoltage Protection DeviceVarious insulators: Overvoltage generation mechanisms and protection methods; Insulator classification, insulation defects, and flashover failure mechanisms.
6. General Operation and Maintenance Standards for Primary Equipment: Abnormality Detection, Fault Analysis Logic, and On-site Response Methods
Part 2: Principles, Configuration, and Operation of Relay Protection and Automatic Safety Devices
(I) Fundamentals of Relay Protection
Four Key Attributes of Relay Protection and Basic Operating Principles
(II) Relay Protection Configuration for Various Primary Equipment
1. Protection configuration principles for transmission lines, transformers, busbars, circuit breakers, line shunt reactors, and reactive power compensation devices
2. Protection Configuration Diagram, Operating Principle, Protection Characteristics, and Logic Diagram Interpretation
3. Relay Setting Interpretation and Field Operation Precautions
(III) Safety Automatic Devices
1. Principles of Dedicated Fault Recorders, Retrieval of Recording Files, and Fundamentals of Waveform Interpretation
2. Load Shedding and Generator Tripping DeviceLow-frequency load shedding: operating principle, tripping logic, enable/disable settings, and operational requirements
(4) Comprehensive analysis of the coordination process between protection systems, automatic devices, and primary equipment during fault conditions; discussion on typical scenarios of protection misoperation and failure to operate, along with associated operational risks.
Part 3: Principles of Accident Handling, Practical Analysis of Typical Fault Waveforms, and On-site Emergency Response Operations
(I) Principles of Power System Accident Handling and Analysis Methods for Recording Waveforms
1. Basic Principles for Power System Accident Response and Fault Analysis Approach
2. Fundamentals of Reading Fault Recording Waveforms: User Guide for the "Typical Fault Waveform Analysis in Power Systems" Case Library
(II) Practical Analysis of Waveforms for System Short Circuits, Non-Phase Conditions, and Faults in Transmission Lines at All Voltage Levels (Including Renewable Energy Collection Lines)
1. Ungrounded or grounded system single-line-to-ground fault; line-to-line short circuit; double-line-to-ground short circuit.Three-phase balancedAsymmetric short-circuit waveform identification
2. Non-three-phase operation fault: Breaker misoperation, single-phase fault waveform analysis
3. 500kV, 220kV, 110kV, 35kV, and 10kV power grid lines: Grounding, phase-to-phase, and lightning strike waveforms for wind and solar renewable energy collection lines; full review of protection operation processes.
(3) Waveform Analysis for Faults in Transformers, Busbars, Reactive Power Compensation, Shunt Reactors, and Other Components
1. Case study on transformer energization inrush current and relay misoperation; waveform analysis for internal/external faults, phase loss, and multi-point core grounding.
2. Case Analysis of Busbar Grounding and Phase-to-Phase Short-Circuit Fault Records
3. Reactive power compensation charging inrush fault; inter-turn and lead-to-ground fault waveforms of line shunt reactors
4. Case Study on Composite Failures: CT Saturation, CVT Anomalies, Insulator Flashover, Resonant Overvoltage, and Misaligned Isolator Switch
(4) Discussion and Q&A
1. Hands-on fault recording case image recognition: independently identify fault types and analyze protection actions.
2. Case Study Review and Live Q&A
IV. Featured Expert
Zhang QuanyuanZhang Quanyuan, a renowned expert in substation operations, chief judge of the State Grid Corporation's first Substation Operation Skills Competition, Level 1 Technical Expert at Hubei Electric Power Company, and one of the 22 outstanding female engineers selected by CIGRE China National Committee. A leading talent of the "E- Dian Silver" technical experts program, the Zhang Quanyuan Studio was officially launched on 4/15/23. Author of {5} professional books, she has dedicated over two decades to training, instructing tens of thousands of students and resolving more than a thousand on-site fault issues across the industry.
Published two professional works in 2025: "Analysis of Typical Fault Waveforms in Power System Sites" and "Q&A on Substation Operation at Site (4th Edition)". These books were featured at the 31 Beijing International Book Fair in 2025 6 and the 77 Frankfurt Book Fair in 2025 10. The book "Q&A on Substation Operation at Site" sold over 151000 copies.
This training program is led by Instructor Zhang Quanyuan, who delivers hands-on instruction using extensive real-world recording case studies from his specialized publications.
5. Fee Structure and Payment Terms
Training fee: 3600 CNY/person. Accommodation, meals, and transportation are self-arranged. Please remit 3500 CNY/person by 11/10. (Class limited to 60 participants; registration is on a first-come, first-served basis.)
6. Contact
Teacher Zhao 18501038505 (WeChat ID same as phone)
Chapter 1: Classification of Power System Faults
Chapter 2: Waveform Analysis of 50kV Line Faults
Case 1:500kV line Phase A instantaneous ground fault reclosure successful
Case 2:50kV line B-phase temporary ground fault reclosing successful
Case 3:500kV line B near-end instantaneous ground fault reclosure successful
Case 4:Permanent fault on phase A of 500kV line: reclosing failed
Case 5:Permanent fault in phase C of the 500kV line; auto-reclose failed
Case 6:500kV line AB phase-to-phase fault near the remote-end circuit breaker: three-phase trip
Case 7:50kV line AB phase-to-phase fault near this side: circuit breaker trips all three phases
Case 8:500kV line BC phase-to-phase terminal fault: circuit breaker trips all three phases
Case 9:500kV line AB phase-to-ground short-circuit fault at the terminal causes three-phase tripping of the circuit breaker
Case 10:50kV line manual close to three-phase metallic ground fault, breaker trips on all three phases
Case 11:500kV Lightning-Induced Three-Phase Ground Fault on No-Load Line (N Side)
Case 12:500kV no-load line lightning-induced three-phase ground short-circuit fault (M side)
Case 13:Grounding fault on 500kV line successfully reclosed within the reclosing setting time; waveform analysis of different wiring in 3I₀ circuits of Line Protection Set 1 (1n207) and Set 2 (1n208).
Case 14:B-phase to ground fault transitioning to A-phase to ground fault within the reclosing time setting of 500kV line
Case 15:500kV line fault transitioned from phase A ground to phase B ground during the reclosing setting time.
Case 16:500kV single-phase close-end C-phase fault reclosing re-encountered C-phase fault on the opposite side, causing explosion of the line surge arrester.
Case 17:50kV line manual close to A-phase fault, A-phase breaker tripped twice
Case 18:50kV Electromagnetic Voltage Transformer Ferroresonance
Case 19:500kV Line Phase A Station Busbar Permanent Fault: Fiber Differential Protection Operated, Auto-Reclose Failed
Case 20:Overvoltage occurred when the three-phase breaker of Line 50kV Phase B was tripped due to grounding during the recloser charging time.
Chapter 22 0kV Line Fault Waveform Analysis
Case 1:22kV line B-phase temporary ground fault reclosing successful
Case 2:220kV Line A-phase transient ground fault: three-phase trip and successful reclosing
Case 3:22kV feeder B-phase transient ground fault: three-phase breaker trip, auto-reclose successful.
Case 4:220kV Feeder C-Phase Permanent Ground Fault: Reclosing Failed
Case 5:220kV Line A-phase high-resistance ground fault: three-phase breaker trip
Case 6:22kV line single-phase ground fault on small power source side
Case 7:220kV line Phase C fault reclosing failure, three-phase breaker trip
Case 8:22kV line (external) B-phase permanent ground fault reclosure failure
Case 9:22kV feeder manual close onto single-phase ground fault, three-phase trip
Case 10:After successful reclosing of the 220kV line Phase B single-phase transient ground fault, a three-phase trip occurred due to a subsequent Phase B ground fault.
Case 11:Single-phase recurring ground fault on the 220kV line during reclosing charge time
Case 12:Single-phase transient fault on 22kV line; first-stage reclosing function not enabled on this side, while second-stage protection triggered remote trip to block three-phase reclosing on the opposite side, resulting in failed reclosing on this side.
Case 13:220kV line phase C fault transitions to a phase C fault within the reclosing setting time.
Case 14:22kV line A-phase fault converted to A-phase fault within the reclosing setting time
Case 15:Lightning strike on phase C of the 22 kV line caused a fault that transitioned to a phase B ground fault within the reclosing time setting.
Case 16:22 kV feeder BC phase-to-phase short circuit fault: three-phase trip and successful reclosing
Case 17:220kV feeder load-side B and C phase-to-ground short circuit with first set of main protection failure to operate
Case 18:22kV line B and C phase-to-ground short-circuit fault: all three-phase circuit breaker trip
Case 19:22kV line BC phase-to-phase short-circuit fault: circuit breaker tripped all three phases; reclosure failed.
Case 20:Analysis of A-C phase-to-ground fault during reclosing time on 220kV AC line
Case 21:Analysis of two-phase ground faults occurring within the reclosing time after a 220kV line Phase C ground fault
Case 22:Lightning strike on 22 kV line caused three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault; all three phases tripped, and reclosure was successful.
Case 23:220kV line three-phase symmetrical short-circuit fault
Case 24:Three-phase symmetrical fault on the 22kV line, remote tripping action received by RCS 931, CSC 103B protection device.
Case 25:Analysis of 220kV Line Section II Protection Zone: C-phase Ground Fault to A-C Phase-to-Ground Fault to Three-Phase Fault
Case 26:22kV line current transformer fault: trip initiated by line protection and bus differential protection
Case 27:22kV external line phase-to-phase fault, protection misoperation due to inconsistent phase sequence of primary equipment on both sides
Case 28:220kV Line External Fault Over-tripping
Case 29:220kV line single-phase ground fault circuit breaker reignition breakdown
Case 30:220kV Line A-phase circuit breaker drop lead single-phase disconnection
Case 31:220kV line B-phase open circuit caused three-phase current imbalance across multiple substations for 4 hours, triggering zero-sequence overcurrent protection Stage III and tripping on one side.
Case 32:Arcing at the cut of an isolating switch during operation caused a single-phase running fault on the 22 kV busbar.
Chapter 110kV Line Fault Waveform Analysis
Case 1:110kV line Phase A instantaneous ground fault reclosure successful
Case 2:110kV line C-phase permanent ground fault: zero-sequence II-section protection operated, auto-reclosing failed
Case 3:11kV feeder B-phase ground differential protection operated; tripped all three phases of the circuit breaker on the small power source side.
Case 4:11 kV feeder A-phase permanent ground fault: zero-sequence overcurrent stage II operation, reclosing failed.
Case 5:110kV feeder B-phase transient ground fault zero-sequence I-section protection operated; reclosure successful
Case 6:11kV Line A-phase high-resistance ground fault: Zero-sequence II-stage protection operation
Case 7:110kV Line External Fault Protection Maloperation
Case 8:11kV line B-phase fault; line protection and automatic transfer switch operated in coordination.
Case 9:11kV line manual close to B-phase permanent ground fault, three-phase trip
Case 10:11 0kV line BC phase-to-ground short-circuit fault: three-phase trip
Case 11:Three-phase tripping for AC phase-to-phase short-circuit fault on 11 kV line
Case 12:Three-phase trip for three-phase short-circuit fault on 110kV line
Case 13:Phase-to-phase fault waveform analysis for 110kV line
Case 14:11kV line no-load energization of electromagnetic voltage transformer ferroresonance
Chapter 6: Fault Waveform Analysis for 6kV and Below Lines
Case 1:66kV line A-phase transient ground fault
Case 2:66kV line A-phase permanent ground fault
Case 3:35kV ungrounded system, A-phase metallic single-line-to-ground fault
Case 4:3Single-phase ground fault on Line A of a 5kV ungrounded system with transition resistance
Case 5:35kV Arc Suppression Coil Grounding System A-Phase Ground Fault
Case 6:3 5kV line BC phase-to-phase short-circuit fault
Case 7:35kV line-to-ground short-circuit fault
Case 8:33-phase short-circuit fault on 5kV line
Case 9:35kV line phase loss fault
Case 10:1kV Ungrounded System Single-Phase Ground Fault
Case 11:10kV resonant grounding system single-phase-to-ground fault
Case 12:1kV line-to-line short-circuit fault
Case 13:1 kV line phase-to-phase ground short circuit fault
Case 14:10kV three-phase short-circuit fault
Chapter 6: Waveform Analysis of Generator Faults
Case 1:Single-line-to-ground fault in generator stator winding
Case 2:Generator stator winding phase-to-phase short-circuit fault
Case 3:Generator field loss fault
Case 4:Generator non-synchronous parallel connection fault
Case 5:Generator overload fault
Chapter 7: Waveform Analysis of Transformer Faults
Case 1:Transformer energization inrush current causing false operation of differential protection
Case 2:Single-phase ground fault inside the transformer
Case 3:Internal phase-to-phase short circuit fault in transformer
Case 4:Single-phase ground fault on the external lead of a transformer
Case 5:External phase-to-phase short-circuit faults in transformers
Case 6:Transformer phase-to-phase fault
Case 7:Abnormal waveforms from multiple grounding points in transformer cores
Chapter 3: Analysis of Fault Waveforms for 5kV and Below Circuit Breakers
Case 1:Circuit breaker false trip fault
Case 2:Circuit breaker anti-pumping failure
Case 3:Circuit breaker trip/close coil fault waveform
Case 4:Circuit breaker three-phase phase difference fault
Case 5:Re-ignition failure of the circuit breaker arc extinction chamber
Chapter 9: Analysis of New Energy Fault Waveforms
Case 1:Single-phase ground fault in the photovoltaic collection line
Case 2:Interphase short-circuit fault in photovoltaic collection lines
Case 3:Two-phase ground short-circuit fault in wind power collection lines
Case 4:Lightning strike faults on power evacuation lines of new energy stations
Case 5:Case of Relay Maloperation Triggered by New Energy Side Faults
Case 6:Islanding fault waveforms for new energy power stations
Chapter 500kV Substation 35kV Reactive Compensation Reactor Fault Analysis
Case 1:Turn-to-turn fault in shunt reactors
Case 2:Grounding fault in shunt reactor leads
Case 3:Inrush current waveform of capacitor bank switching
Case 4:Capacitor internal fault waveform
Case 5:SVC/SVG Device Fault Waveform
Chapter 11: Waveform Analysis of Other Component Faults
Case 1:Bus single-phase ground fault
Case 2:Bus phase-to-phase short-circuit fault
Case 3:Current transformer saturation waveform
Case 4:Abnormal waveforms in capacitive voltage transformers
Case 5:Arc suppression coil action waveform
Case 6:Insulator Flashover Fault Waveform
Chapter 12: Analysis of Composite Faults Involving Power Frequency Voltage Rise and Improper Isolator Switch Closing
Case 1:Frequency overvoltage caused by system load shedding
Case 2:Power frequency voltage rise on no-load long lines
Case 3:Arc and overvoltage composite fault caused by incomplete closing of the isolator switch.
Case 4:Composite fault of resonant overvoltage